{"id":22,"date":"2026-03-31T11:30:05","date_gmt":"2026-03-31T11:30:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/?page_id=22"},"modified":"2026-07-15T11:59:27","modified_gmt":"2026-07-15T11:59:27","slug":"research","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/research\/","title":{"rendered":"Research"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"22\" class=\"elementor elementor-22\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-62059ade elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"62059ade\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72f65f2\" data-id=\"72f65f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ede263f elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3ede263f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Research<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d3fe8c9 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5d3fe8c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:150}\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2514aaef elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2514aaef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:250}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We innovate optical and ultrasound imaging systems and\u00a0 reconstruction algorithms tailored for preclinical to the clinic settings.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-231e30e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"231e30e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6b888d40\" data-id=\"6b888d40\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d93a617 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1d93a617\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is optoacoustic \/ photoacoustic imaging?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38ec921c elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"38ec921c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:120}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOptoacoustic \/ photoacoustic imaging (OAI\/PAI) is an emerging hybrid biomedical imaging technique that combines light and sound to render optical-absorption contrast at high ultrasonic spatial resolution. Pulsed laser light illuminates tissue; chromophores such as haemoglobin, melanin and water absorb the energy, heat up, expand, and emit pressure waves captured by ultrasound transducers. It supports molecular imaging, breast cancer detection, brain imaging, sentinel lymph node mapping, vasculature visualisation and more.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70090346 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70090346\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4bc27547\" data-id=\"4bc27547\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11110102 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11110102\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spiral volumetric optoacoustic tomography (SVOT)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bea459e elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6bea459e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:120}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tExisting whole-body preclinical systems are limited in contrast, sensitivity and resolution. We developed SVOT, which rapidly scans a mouse with spherical arrays to deliver optical contrast at high spatial and temporal resolution, visualising deep structures in living tissue in the near-infrared window with rich spectroscopic contrast. More details: Kalva et al., <em>Photonics Research<\/em> 9(6) 2021; <em>Photoacoustics<\/em> 30 2023; <em>Nature Protocols<\/em> 18 2023.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7651c16f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7651c16f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7f22a8ee\" data-id=\"7f22a8ee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29646ab elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"29646ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"698\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1.a.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-192\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1.a.png 1280w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1.a-300x164.png 300w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1.a-1024x558.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1.a-768x419.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-11080417\" data-id=\"11080417\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-626817a8 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"626817a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:120}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"776\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1.b.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-194\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1.b.jpg 776w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1.b-300x278.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1.b-768x713.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 776px) 100vw, 776px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b4ab162 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b4ab162\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7b6abad3\" data-id=\"7b6abad3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51fc04db elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"51fc04db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rapid volumetric tracking of nanoagent kinetics<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fd0930d elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4fd0930d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:120}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLarge-scale visualisation of nanoparticle kinetics is crucial for optimising drug delivery and assessing in-vivo toxicity. Using single-sweep volumetric optoacoustic tomography (sSVOT) we tracked gold nanoagent kinetics and biodistribution in mice at sub-organ level, at 130 \u03bcm resolution and sub-picomolar sensitivity, observing clearance dynamics and accumulation in the liver and spleen. More details: Kalva et al., <em>ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces<\/em> 14(1) 2022.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-540d0b90 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"540d0b90\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-58cdf9af\" data-id=\"58cdf9af\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-220ec42b elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"220ec42b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"802\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/2a.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-198\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/2a.png 1280w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/2a-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/2a-1024x642.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/2a-768x481.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-41cdbae3\" data-id=\"41cdbae3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5987f57c elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5987f57c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:120}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1231\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/2b.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-199\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/2b.png 1280w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/2b-300x289.png 300w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/2b-1024x985.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/2b-768x739.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4a051639 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4a051639\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1081c308\" data-id=\"1081c308\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3288530c elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3288530c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reduced oxygen saturation in Parkinson's disease models<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d28dcc0 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d28dcc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:120}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMetabolism and bioenergetics play important roles in Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD). Using a multimodal approach, in-vivo SVOT assessed oxygen saturation in the spinal cord of the transgenic M83 PD model versus non-transgenic littermates, complemented by ex-vivo 9.4T MRI and deep-learning segmentation for quantification. More details: Combes et al., <em>EJNMMI<\/em> 2024.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-476d19e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"476d19e6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-489ba03c\" data-id=\"489ba03c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b38633b elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5b38633b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"423\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/3a.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-202\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/3a.png 1280w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/3a-300x99.png 300w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/3a-1024x338.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/3a-768x254.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-475b77a\" data-id=\"475b77a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71da5c58 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"71da5c58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:120}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"719\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/3b.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-203\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/3b.png 1280w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/3b-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/3b-1024x575.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/3b-768x431.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3d33b9d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3d33b9d8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-13c7cbe0\" data-id=\"13c7cbe0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49a1ef6e elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"49a1ef6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Full-view LED-based optoacoustic tomography (FLOAT)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-113d75d8 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"113d75d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:120}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSolid-state lasers are bulky and costly. LEDs offer an economical, portable alternative with excellent pulse-to-pulse stability. Our FLOAT system drives a stacked LED array at a 100 ns pulse width and stable 0.48 mJ per pulse, integrating illumination into a circular array of cylindrically focused detectors to overcome limited-view effects and improve cross-sectional image quality. More details: X. Liu, S. K. Kalva et al., <em>Photoacoustics<\/em> 31 2023.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-121c79a e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"121c79a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<img class=\"e-image-base e-984b7f5-623281e\" \n\t\t\t\t\tdata-interaction-id=\"984b7f5\" \n\t\t \n\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tid=\"205\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrc=\"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/4a.jpg\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twidth=\"1280\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\theight=\"405\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrcset=\"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/4a.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/4a-300x95.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/4a-1024x324.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/4a-768x243.jpg 768w\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<img class=\"e-image-base \" \n\t\t\t\t\tdata-interaction-id=\"111cc9e\" \n\t\t \n\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tid=\"715\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrc=\"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/finger-imaging.jpg\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twidth=\"1200\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\theight=\"553\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrcset=\"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/finger-imaging.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/finger-imaging-300x138.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/finger-imaging-1024x472.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/finger-imaging-768x354.jpg 768w\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3e21f19 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3e21f19\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1451f25d\" data-id=\"1451f25d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f1e2313 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5f1e2313\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Second-generation desktop PLD-PAT system<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a117ac0 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a117ac0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:120}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBy combining acoustic-reflector single-element transducers with a low-cost pulsed laser diode in a circular scanner, we built a compact, high-speed desktop PLD-PAT-G2 system reaching 0.5 s cross-sectional imaging (2 Hz) without expensive array transducers, with up to 3 cm depth in tissue. More details: Kalva et al., <em>Optics Letters<\/em> 44 2019; <em>JoVE<\/em> 147 2019.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b27669d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b27669d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdca172 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cdca172\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<img class=\"e-image-base e-5e1e33a-6ef4732\" \n\t\t\t\t\tdata-interaction-id=\"5e1e33a\" \n\t\t \n\t\t \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tid=\"209\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrc=\"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/5a-768x1207.jpg\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twidth=\"768\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\theight=\"1207\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrcset=\"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/5a-768x1207.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/5a-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/5a-651x1024.jpg 651w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/5a-977x1536.jpg 977w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/5a.jpg 1280w\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34deb41 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"34deb41\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7da40a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f7da40a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 \n\t\tdata-interaction-id=\"48ad59d\" \n\t\tclass=\"e-heading-base\" \n\t\t \n\t\t\n\t>\n\t\n\t\t\t<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jove.com\/v\/59764\/pulsed-laser-diode-based-desktop-photoacoustic-tomography-for\"><strong><u>Pulsed Laser Diode-Based Desktop Photoacoustic Tomography for Monitoring Wash-In and Wash-Out of Dye in Rat Cortical Vasculature<\/u><\/strong><\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-683952d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"683952d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b7f3ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"1b7f3ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.jove.com\/embed\/player?id=59764\" \n  width=\"100%\" height=\"360\" \n  frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\n<\/iframe>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-81eec06 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"81eec06\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-37b5639e\" data-id=\"37b5639e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58edbe91 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"58edbe91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Compact PAT system using an acoustic reflector<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fb0bb16 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fb0bb16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:120}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tConventional PAT holds the transducer horizontally and rotates it through 2\u03c0, requiring a large water tank and high motor load. We placed the transducer vertically and directed PA waves to it via a 45\u00b0 stainless-steel acoustic reflector, shrinking the scanning radius, water tank and motor load without affecting spatial resolution or bandwidth. More details: Kalva et al., <em>Journal of Biomedical Optics<\/em> 22 2017.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53a90070 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53a90070\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-434de6d9\" data-id=\"434de6d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24d731ed elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"24d731ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"378\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/6i.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-206\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/6i.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/6i-300x89.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/6i-1024x302.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/6i-768x227.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2762341c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2762341c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-adde1b1\" data-id=\"adde1b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f92a46d elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f92a46d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Image reconstruction \u2014 improving tangential resolution<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a706866 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a706866\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:120}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIn circular-scan PAT, axial resolution is spatially invariant while tangential resolution varies with position and depends on detector bandwidth and aperture. Using a modified delay-and-sum technique we achieved a three-fold improvement in tangential resolution with flat and cylindrical detectors while preserving target shape and size. More details: Kalva et al., <em>Journal of Biomedical Optics<\/em> 21 2016.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-34ffb475 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"34ffb475\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3b2c9d16\" data-id=\"3b2c9d16\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e756e25 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1e756e25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"321\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/7.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-207\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/7.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/7-300x75.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/7-1024x257.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/7-768x193.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-32c15d4b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"32c15d4b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-277307e8\" data-id=\"277307e8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53799280 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"53799280\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Research highlights<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2024993c elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2024993c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:120}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>March 2021<\/strong> \u2014 Our flash scanning volumetric optoacoustic tomography (fSVOT) work was featured on the cover of <em>Laser &amp; Photonics Reviews<\/em>.<br><br><strong>February 2019<\/strong> \u2014 Our pulsed-laser-diode desktop photoacoustic tomography system was featured as a highlight in <em>Biophotonics World<\/em>.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Research We innovate optical and ultrasound imaging systems and\u00a0 reconstruction algorithms tailored for preclinical to the clinic settings. What is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-22","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/22","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22"}],"version-history":[{"count":47,"href":"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/22\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":954,"href":"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/22\/revisions\/954"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bio.iitb.ac.in\/~sandeepkalva\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}